The Effect of Temperature, and Pressure OnThe Earth’s Matter

Introduction

Scientific Concepts:

1-    Temperature.

2-    Atmospheric pressure.

3-    Winds.

4-    Land - Sea breezes.

5-    Green house effect.

6-    Global warming.

7-    Water cycle.

8-    Humidity.

9-    Dew point.

10-     Clouds.

11-     Rain.

12-     Snow.

13-     Hurricanes (typhoons, Cyclones, tornadoes)

14-     Weather forecasting (thermometer, Barometer)

15-     Seasons.

16-     Climate.

   

Questions series:

1-    How thermometers work?

2-    What is the effect of temperature on the land and the water?

3-    What is the effect of temperature on the water and the ice?

4-    What is the effect of temperature on the water vapor?

5-    What is the effect of temperature on the Trapped air?

6-    What is the effect of sun rays on different land surface?

7-    What causes seasons?

8-    What is the effect of land temperature on the air?

9-    What is the effect of hot temperature on the Free air?

10-     What is the effect of cold temperature on the Free air?

11-     How Barometers work?

12-     What is the effect of temperature on the air direction?

13-     What is the effect of temperature on the water direction?

14-     What is tornado?

15-     What is climate?

 Activities and Experiments series:

1-    Measure temperature of hot and cold water by thermometer.

2-    Compare between effect of temperature on land and water.

3-    Observe water changes states due to the effect of temperature.

4-     Observe water vapor condensation.

5-    Discover green house effect.

6-     Compare between sun rays effect of different surfaces of land.

7-    Discover what cause the four seasons on the earth globe.

8-    Observe effect of hot surface on the air.

9-    Observe movement of warm air.

10-     Observe movement of cold air.

11-     Measure the atmospheric pressure.

12-     Observe movement of air between two points have different temperature.

13-     Observe movement of water between two points have different temperature.

14-     Make a tornado.

15-     Study climate change in two cities.

Lesson Serial:

1-    Materials

2-    Activity

3-    Question

4-    Hypotheses

5-    Discussion

6-    Observation

7-    Explanation

Application on weather subject:

1-    How can we measure the air temperature?

2-    What is the different in temperature between desert and sea shores in summer?

3-    What the effect of the water cycle in the nature on forming  rain, snow?

4-    What the effect of the water cycle in the nature on forming humidity, clouds?

5-    What is the effect of the green house effect on global warming?

6-    What cause variation of temperature on the earth’s between two places in the same time (from equator toward the earth poles)?       

7-    What are seasons?

8-    What is the different in temperature between summer and winter?

9-    What is the effect of hot temperature on the atmospheric pressure?

10-     What is the effect of cold temperature on the atmospheric pressure?

11-     How can we measure the air pressure?

12-     What is the effect of temperature on forming winds and storms?

13-     What is the effect of temperature on hurricane season over oceans?

14-     What is tornado?

15-     What is Climate?

Question 1: How thermometers work?

Materials: A liquid thermometer, two cups, paper and pencil,

                   hot water, ice water.

Activity:

·       Read the temperature indicated on the thermometer.

·       Write the temperature on your paper.

·       I will put the thermometer in a cup filled of hot water.

·       Read the temperature.

Question: What is the reading of temperature?

Hypotheses:

1-    The temperature will increase.

2-    The temperature will decrease.

3-    The temperature will stay the same.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Observation: The temperature increase in the hot water

Activity:  

·       I will place the thermometer into the cup of ice water.

·       Read the temperature.

Question: What is the difference between two readings?

 Hypotheses:

1-    The temperature will increase.

2-    The temperature will decrease.

3-    The temperature will stay the same.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Observation: The temperature will decrease.

Explanation: The liquid material inside the thermometer contract because of low temperature of ice, after its expansion because of high temperature of hot water.

Application on weather subject:

How can we measure the air temperature?

Meteorologist use thermometers contain mercury or alcohol in a bulb that has narrow opening into a glass tube. The liquid expands as it gets warmer, and raises higher in the tube. The liquid contract when it cools and falls back .The scale commonly read in degree Celsius

  

Question 2: What is the effect of temperature

on the land and the water?

Materials: Four beakers, water, sand, two thermometers,

                    two flame.

Activity:

·       Put water in one beaker and sand in the other one.

·       Heat both beakers on flame up to 40 c º.

·       Record time needed to heat up both of sand and water to 40 c º.

Question: Which need more time to be heated up to 40 c º?

Hypotheses:

1-    Water need more time.

2-    Sand need more time.

3-    Both water and sand need the same time.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Observation: Water need more time to be heated up than sand.                                                                              

Activity:

·       Add the content of both 2 beakers of sand and water heated up to 40 c º  to another 2 beakers full of water in room temperature after measuring the temperature of the water.

·       Leave the two beakers to cool down to 20 c º.

·       Record time needed to cool down both of sand and water to 20 c º.

Question: Which need more time to be cooled down to 40c º?

Hypotheses:

1-    Water need more time.

2-    Sand need more time.

3-    Both water and sand need the same time.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Observation: Water needed more time to be cooled down than sand.

Explanation: Water is liquid matter, which have more spaces in distance between its molecules than sand which is solid mater and its molecules are very close. That helps to transfer heat to sand more rapidly than water, and help in loosing its heat more rapidly than water too.

Application on weather subject:

What is the different in temperature between desert and sea shores in summer?

Dark and rough land surface absorb heat more quickly and radiate it into the air more quickly than do smooth, clear water

surface. So when the sun shines equally on land and water surface,  the land heats more quickly than does the water, thus heating the air above it more quickly. Land also cools more quickly when the sun goes down. Water is much slower to change temperature. And its day and night effect on air temperature is therefore more uniform.

 In summer days, land become hot compared with the sea water. Air over the land becomes hot forming a region of low pressure. Air over the sea water becomes colder forming a region of higher pressure. This leads to breeze coming from the sea towards the land that is known as the sea breeze.

At night, land becomes colder than sea water, and air over the land become colder forming a high pressure region. Air over the sea water becomes relatively warm forming a region of lower pressure. Air over the sea water rises up and is replaced by cold air form the land. This is known as land breeze.

Question 3: What is the effect of temperature

on the water and the ice?

Materials: Ice, flame, ban, cold ban cover, refrigerator.

           

Activity and Observation:

·       Leave piece of ice inside a ban for 5 min.

·       Observe change state of solid ice after melting to liquid water.

·       Put the ban over the flame and heat it.

·       Observe the change of liquid water after boiling to water vapor.

·        Hold the cold ban cover over the ban to meet the water vapor.

·       Observe the change state of water vapor after condensation to liquid water again.

·       Put the collected liquid water in a refrigerator.

·       Observe change state of liquid water after freezing to solid ice again.

Question: What cause change of water state?

Hypotheses:

1-    Heat causes change the size of water molecules.

2-    Heat causes increase the distance between water molecules.

3-    Heat causes decrease the distance between water molecules.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Explanation: Water change because the effect of heat on water       molecules. Water expands as it gets warmer and contracts as it cools. Heat causes increase the distance between water molecules. Water molecules expand because of heat and contract because of cold.

                       There are main four processes: 1- Melting: Ice melts into water. 2- Evaporation: Water changes into water vapor. 3- Condensation: water vapor condenses into water. 4- freezing: Water changes into ice.

Application on weather subject:

What the effect of the water cycle in the nature on forming  rain, snow?

A water vapor condenses in the atmosphere and forms tiny droplets, the slightest air movement is enough to keep them from falling to the ground. They move around in the cloud with the air currents. These droplets come together to form

larger droplets, which in turn combine to form still larger drops. When a drop of water is large enough that the force of

gravity overcomes the effect of the air currents that are keeping the drop suspends on the turbulence in the air, it falls to the earth as rain. Therefore the size of a raindrop that falls depends on the turbulence in the air.

If the air temperature is below freezing, water vapor condenses in the form of ice crystals. Ice collected together form snowflakes. The snowflakes remain in the cloud stirred around by the air currents, until they become heavy enough that they are pulled away from the air currents by gravity and fall to the ground. Snow flakes melt as it falls through warm air and reaches the ground as rain.

  

Question 4: What is the effect of temperature

on the water vapor?

Materials: Water color, jar with a lid, white paper, Ice, Water

Activity:

·       Fill the jar about half with ice, then fill it on up with water.

·       Put several drops of water color in the water then put the lid on the jar.

·       Place the jar on a flat surface on the top of a white paper.

·       Dry the outside of the jar with the towel.

·       Check the jar after while and record your observation.

Observation:  * The outside of the jar become wet by drops

                            of water.

                        * The water is not colored.

Question: What cause the existence of water drops on the outside wall of the jar?

Hypotheses:

1-    The water have seeped through the walls of jar.

2-    The water collected from the air.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Explanation: Jar filled with ice water cause increasing of temperature of the air surrounding it that help to change water vapor in air to liquid water by decreasing the distance between its molecules which gathered as drops of liquid on the jar surface. And you can prove that by the clear

                       color of the water outside, but the water inside is colored. That means when air cools the molecules of water vapor lose energy, move more slowly and come closer together. As the air is cooled further water molecules come together to form water droplets.

                        This process is called condensation

Application on weather subject:

What the effect of the water cycle in the nature on forming humidity, clouds?

Humidity refers to moisture in the air. Specific humidity is the actual amount of water vapor present. Relative humidity is a percentage of the measure of the amount of moisture the air contains compared with the maximum amount it could hold at that temperature.

Warm air is capable of absorbing more moisture than cold air. As air cools, the effect is somewhat like lightly squeezing a wet sponge. Even though no water is added, the ability of the sponge to hold additional water decrease, and there fore the

relative humidity is higher. When the air is saturated, relative humidity is 100 percent.

The air temperature at which condensation takes place is called dew point. The higher the specific humidity the higher the dew point will be. When warm air containing water vapor rises high in the air, it becomes colder. If the air is cooled below its dew point, the water vapor condenses into tiny droplets, and the cloud is formed. Usually the water vapor condenses around tiny particles in the air such as dust or smoke. The shape of the cloud is determined by how it is formed. If the air movement is horizontal, clouds form in layers and are called circus, or stratus clouds. In vertical air movement cumulus clouds are formed.

Question 5: What is the effect of temperature

on the Trapped air?

Materials:  Clear plastic bag, two thermometers, two pieces of card board, paper and pencil, a sunny day.

Activity:

·       Read the temperature indicated on the two thermometers.

·       Write the temperature on your paper.

·       I will put one thermometer inside plastic bag.

·       I will fill the bag by air and seal the opening.

·       I will place this bag on a card board in an open area in the sunlight.                      

·       And I will but the other thermometer on the other card board near to it. 

Question: What is your expectation to temperature after 4 minutes between both two thermometers?

Hypotheses:

1-    The temperature on the thermometer inside the plastic bag is more than the other outside.

2-    The temperature on the thermometer inside the plastic bag is less than the other outside.

3-    The temperature on the thermometer inside the plastic bag is the same as the other outside.              

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Observation: The temperature on the thermometer inside the

                         plastic bag is more than the other outside.

Explanation:  Energy comes from the sun in short  wave lengths which pass easily through transparent

                        materials. It reflects off surfaces in longer wavelengths, which do not pass as easily through the same materials. Thus energy is trapped and the temperature increases.                             

Application on weather subject:

What is the effect of the green house effect on global warming?

The earth’s atmosphere is transparent to most of the sunlight that reaches the earth’s surface and increases its temperature. The warm earth surface emits thermal energy back into the atmosphere which trapped inside it and difficult to run away of the earth. Increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to burning fuels, transportation vehicles, and industrial wastes, help more heat trapped inside the atmosphere which cause global warming and result from green house effect.

Question 6: What is the effect of sun rays

on different land’s surfaces?

Materials: two similar boxes, equal amount of the same soil, two thermometers    

Activity:

·       Add two equal amount of the same soil in two similar boxes.

·       Put one of the boxes in an indirect, slanted position toward sun rays.

·       Put the other box directly facing the direct sun rays.

·       Put a thermometer in each box and record their reading after 10 min.

Question: What is the difference between two reading of the                      thermometers?

Hypotheses:

1-    The reading of thermometer in the slanted ray position is higher than the reading of thermometer in the direct rays position.

2-    The reading of thermometer in the slanted rays position is less than the reading of thermometer in the direct rays position.

3-    The reading of thermometer in the slanted ray position is the same as the reading of thermometer in the direct rays position.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.          

Observation: The reading of thermometer in the slanted rays position is less than the reading of thermometer in the direct rays position.

Explanation: direct rays concentrate sun energy on a less area whereas the slanted                               rays are spread over a  more area and  distribute sun energy in more large area.

Application on weather subject:

What cause variation of temperature on the earth’s between two places in the same time (from equator toward the earth poles)?       

The curved shape of the earth results in the sun’s rays striking different areas of the earth at different angles and therefore with different levels of intensity. Sun rays fall on the earth’s surface at the equator in the most direct concentrated position in autumn and spring, so they usually absorb the most heat.

Sun rays fall at polar region in slanted, indirect position with less heat. The sun rays direction differs on the rest of the earth’s surface.

The degree of inclination increases as we go far from the equator towards the poles. The effect of sun rays thus decreases and the temperature decreases on going from the equator to the poles.

Question 7: What Causes the seasons?

Materials: earth globe, lamb                 

Activity:

·       Place the lamp on the desk.

·       Hold the earth globe from the lamb with the earth’s axis pointing north.

·       But a mark on a certain place on the earth globe, by example Egypt.

·       Turn the earth globe slowly on its axis.

Question:  Does Egypt get the same rays direction during it round its axis?

Hypotheses:

1-    The rays direction on Egypt is the same.

2-    The rays direction on Egypt is different.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Observation: Egypt during its round around its axis receives slanted and direct heat.

Explanation: When earth round around its axis it receives different sun rays direction because earth axis is tilt towards the north.

Activity:

·       Walk around the lamp with the earth globe keeping the axis pointing toward the north.

Question: where Egypt gets most heat?

Hypotheses:

1-    Egypt gets most heat when sun rays become direct on its position.

2-    Egypt gets most heat when sun rays become slanted on its position.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Observation: Egypt gets most heat when sun rays become  direct on its position.

Question: where Egypt gets less heat?

Hypotheses:

1-    Egypt gets less heat when sun rays become direct on its position.

2-    Egypt gets less heat when sun rays become slanted on its position.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Observation: Egypt gets less heat when sun rays become  slanted on its position.

Explanation: Earth axis tilt towards the north star so when it turns around the sun it receive different directions of the sun rays. When a specific place on earth receive direct rays from the sun the temperature increase because the concentrating of rays energy on this spot which cause summer season. And when a specific place on earth receive slanted rays from the sun the temperature decrease because of spreading the rays energy over wide area which cause winter season.

Application on weather subject:

What are seasons?

The seasons are caused by the tilt of the earth’s axis. The earth axis tilts towards the north star and remains fixed in that position, different portion of the earth receive direct rays from the sun at different times of the year. With more direct rays, the heat is more concentrated. The cycle of seasons is repeated as earth progresses around and around the sun.

Seasons refers to the regular, repeating pattern of change in weather during the year, including summer, fall, winter, and spring.

Question 8: What is the effect of land temperature

on the air?

Materials: Flame, metal plate, source of smoke (incense).                 

Activity:

·       Open the flame under a metal plate.

·       Put a source of smoke (incense) close to the top of the metal plate.

·       Notice the movement of the smoke (hot air).

Question: What is your expectation of the movement

                    of hot air?

Hypotheses:

1-         The hot air move upward.

2-         The hot air move down ward.

3-         The hot air move straight ahead.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Observation: The hot air move upward.

Explanation: When smoke (hot air) contacts the hot plate. Air expands and its density of air decreases and the smoke raise upwards and is replaced by colder air which is again heated upon contact with hot surfaces. This cycle is repeated until the atmospheric air in the region becomes warm.

Application on weather subject:

What is the different in temperature between summer and winter?

The air heated much more during long summer days, and more heat is lost during long, cold winter nights.

Question 9: What is the effect of hot temperature

on the Free air?

Materials: Flame, metal plate, source of smoke (incense),  metal cylinder.     

Activity:

• Open the flame under a metal plate.
• Put a metal cylinder on the top of the metal plate.
• Put a source of smoke (incense) close to the opening top of the metal cylinder.

• Notice the movement of the smoke (hot air).

Question: What is your expectation of the movement

                    Of the  hot air?

Hypotheses:

1-    The hot air move upward.

2-    The hot air move down ward.

3-    The hot air move straight ahead.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your                                   choice.

Observation: The hot air move upward.

Explanation: When smoke (hot air) contacts the hot plate, air expands by the effect of heat and its density decreases. Air volume increases and its density decrease, the smoke raises upwards and is replaced by colder air which is again heated upon contact with hot surfaces. The weight of air inside the cylinder decreases and its pressure decreases as well.

Application on weather subject:

What is the effect of hot temperature on the atmospheric pressure?

When air temperature increases in a certain region, atmospheric pressure decreases.  

Warm air is lighter weight than cold air and tends to raises up due to the flow of cold air under it because of increasing pressure of cold air due to its heavier weight. Thus the atmospheric pressure decrease in warm area.

Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the air column over unit area of the earth surface. It is measured with barometers.

Atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of column of mercury 76 cm high. (cm Hg).

  

Question 10: What is the effect of cold temperature

on the Free air?

Materials: Cup filled with ice, paper cylinder, source of smoke (incense)

Activity:

·       Put the cup filled with ice over a base on a table and surround it by paper cylinder that reach the base but not touch the table.

·       Put a smoking incense stick close to the top of the cylinder top opening.

·       Observe the movement of the smoke.

Question: What is your expectation of the movement

                  Of the cold air?

Hypotheses:

1-    The cold air move upward.

2-    The cold air move down ward.

3-    The cold air move straight ahead.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your                                   choice.

Observation: The cold air move down ward.

Explanation: The air inside the cylinder gets colder. Its volume decreases and its density increase. This leads to the movement of some air from                                     outside the cylinder to the inside. The increase in weight of the air inside the cylinder                                        increase the air pressure as well increases.      

Application on weather subject:

What is the effect of cold temperature on the atmospheric pressure?

When air temperature decreases in a certain region, atmospheric pressure increases. 

Air in the cool polar region has a general tendency to flow towards the equator, because the atmospheric pressure increase in cold area, thus warm air near equator raises for its decrease pressure.

Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the air column over unit area of the earth surface. It is measured with barometers.

Atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of column of mercury 76 cm high. (cm Hg).

  

Question 11: How Barometers work?

Materials: Wide- mouth jar, Balloon, rubber band, straw, glue, 3 by 5 card, scissors, commercial barometer.

Activity:

·       Cut the neck off the balloon with the scissors and stretch the balloon over the mouth of the jar.

·       Secure the balloon with the rubber band to the mouth of the jar.

·       Cut one end of the straw to a point and glue the other end to the center of the stretched balloon.

·       The top of strew is the barometer pointer now.

·       Mountain the card on the wall and put your barometer near to the card as its pointer points to the card.

·       Use a commercial barometer to record the real atmospheric pressure on the card. Record the number.

·       You can calibrate the barometer using the commercial one by marking many readings as reference. Then you can use your hand made barometer only.

·       Leave the system for time in a constant temperature.

Question: How can you record the changing in atmospheric       pressure?

Hypotheses:

1-    By record the move of the pointer down.

2-    By record the move of the pointer up.

3-    By record the move of the pointer up and down.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your choice.

Observation: The pointer will move up and down slightly.

Explanation: As atmospheric pressure changes, the balloon will move up and down slightly, changing the position of the pointer.

Application on weather subject:

How can we measure the air pressure?

Meteorologist use mercury barometer consists of a glass tube that is sealed at one end, filled with mercury and inverted with the open end in a dish of mercury. This will not allow air to enter into the tube.

The mercury in the tube falls until the weight of mercury in the tube is equal to the force of air pressure on the surface of the mercury in the dish.

Air pressure support about 76 cm of Hg. The height of the column of mercury changes slightly as atmospheric pressure changes,  thus providing a constant measure of atmospheric pressure.

Question 12: What is the effect of temperature

on the air direction?

Materials: Carton box, two sided open metal cans, Pan filled with ice, Candle, incense, Matches, Metal pan.

Activity:

·       Make two small opening in the top of the carton box.

·       Fix each two sided open metal can over each box opining.

·       Place the pan filled by ice inside the box under one of the cans.

·       Put the candle and burned incense on the top of metal plate.

·       Place the metal plate under the other can.

·       Light the candle with a match.

·       Observe the movement of candle and incense smoke.

Question: What is the direction of candle smoke?

Hypotheses:

1.    Smoke move down wards inside the box.

2.    Smoke move up wards opposite to ice place.

3.    Smoke move up words towards ice place.

Discussion:  Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your                                   choice.

Observation: Smoke move up wards opposite to ice place.

Activity:

·       Reverse the position of ice and candle inside the box and repeat your process.

Question: What is the direction of candle smoke after reversing its position?

Hypotheses:

1-    Smoke move down wards inside the box.

2-    Smoke move up wards opposite to ice place.

3-    Smoke move up words towards ice place.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your                                   choice.

Observation: Smoke move up wards opposite to ice place.

Explanation: Hot smoke (air) move up wards and it reverse direction after exchange ice and candle places

                       due to convection currents effect. Cold air being heavier than warm air which applies more pressure and hot air expands and its density decreases forming a region of low pressure. Convection currents created due to the differences of temperature and changing in pressure areas. Air then move from the high pressure region towards the low pressure one.

Application on weather subject:

What is the effect of temperature on forming winds and storms?

Winds are the convection current created by shifting air masses due to uneven temperatures. Wind is the movement of air as a result of differences in atmospheric pressures. Cold air being heavier than warm air which applies more pressure and hot air expands and its density decreases forming a region of low pressure. Convection currents created due to the differences of temperature and changing in pressure areas. Air then move from the high pressure region towards the low pressure one. In the same way, wind blow from region of high pressure towards region of low pressure.

The wind movement system on earth is complex due to the rotation of the earth, that deflecting winds and resulting in a series of wind belts. The winds belts are shifting due to the seasons, as the sun rays affect different parts of the earth differently in summer and winter.

Question 13: What is the effect of temperature

on the water direction?

Materials: Glass box, bag filled with ice, water, lamp, water color.

Activity:

·       Fill glass box by water.

·       Place bag filled by ice at one end of the box and tape it.

·       Place a lamp to the other end outside the box but very near to it to provide heat.

·       Remain the system for several min.

·       Add a few drops of water color at each end of the box.

·       Observe the movement of color in the water.

Question: What is water movement direction?

Hypotheses:

1-    Water move away of the lamp.

2-    Water move towards lamp.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your                                   choice.

Observation: Water move away of the lamp.

Explanation: Hot water move away of the lamp due to convection currents effect. Cold water being heavier than warm water which applies more pressure and convection currents created due to the differences of temperature. The cold current is heavier than warm current which tends to flow under warm current causing it to move to the opposite side.

Application on weather subject:

What is the effect of temperature on hurricane season over oceans?

Hurricanes such as typhoons, and cyclones form over oceans. Oceans receive a tremendous amount of energy from the sun, causing enormous amounts of ocean water to evaporate. Warm moist air forms above the surface of the ocean. Huge masses of colder, heavier air move in, forcing the warm, moist air upward and creating violent, whirling movements of air that spiral in towards the center of the storm. Wind speed increases and cause natural damage in the region.

Question 14: What is Tornados?

Materials: Two 2 liters clear bottles, strong tape.

Activity:

·       Fill one of the bottle about two- thirds full of water.

·       Stand the second bottle upside down on the first, so the openings are together, and wrap the bottle necks with strong tape.

·       Holding the taped joint with one hand and placing the other hand under the lower bottle for support, pick up the bottles.

·       Turn the system upside down, so the bottle with water is upside down over the other bottle.

·       As water begins to run into the lower bottle, move the top bottle around and around in a circular motion until the water swirls distinctly. Then hold the bottle steady and watch what happens.

Question: What is water movement shape?

Hypotheses:

1-    Water move down in straight shape.

2-    Water move down in spiral shape.

Discussion: Choose your hypothesis and give reason for your                                   choice.

Observation: Water move down in spiral shape like tornado.

Explanation: A whirlpool action is called a vortex, and it occurs when fluid such as water or air moves rapidly through a small opening from larger pool. Water draining from a bathtub or sink often swirls in a vortex action.  In the atmosphere, a mass of low- pressure air  sometimes gets trapped under high- pressure area, then find a weak spot and moves upward through the heavier air in violent, swirling, vortex action which is called tornado.

Application on weather subject:

What is tornado?

Hurricanes such as Tornadoes, called funnel clouds or twisters, They occur over water. Cold, heavy air pushes its way under warm air masses. Sometimes a layer of cold, dry air is pushed over a layer of warm, moist air . When this happen the warm, moist air can quickly force its way up through the layer of cold air in a spiral fashion, and form a tornado. The speed of tornado increase and can reach the ground causing damage.

Question 15: What is Climate?

  Materials: Table of average temperature and Average rainfall on Cairo, and Sapporo during one year.

Activity:

·       Read the table of average temperature and average rainfall of Cairo, and Sapporo during one year.

·       Observe the difference between Cairo, and Sapporo in average temperature and average rainfall during the year.

·       Compare between average temperature and average rainfall in Cairo, and Sapporo during the four seasons.

Question: What affect climate during a year in Egypt, and Japan that you observed in their table?

Observation: Different in average temperature between two countries

                       Different in average temperature between the four seasons

                       of each country

                       Different in average rainfall

                       Fall of Snow in Japan

Discussion and Explanation:

Application on weather subject:

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the average year round weather of a particular location, established from weather records over many years. Climatologist studies a number of characteristics of the atmosphere. The two major elements of climate are average temperature and average rainfall. Temperature is affected by latitude, becoming generally colder toward the poles and warmer toward the equator. Ocean temperature affects air masses that pass over them.